Question

sister chromatids become independent, single - strand chromosomes during:
s phase
anaphase
prometaphase
question 8
during oxidative phosphorylation, hydrogen ions are pumped into the:
cytoplasm
intermembrane space
matrix

Explanation:

• For the first question: In cell division, during anaphase, the sister chromatids separate and become independent single - strand chromosomes. In S phase, DNA replication occurs (sister chromatids are formed). In prometaphase, the nuclear envelope breaks down and spindle fibers attach to chromosomes.
• For the second question: During oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, hydrogen ions (\(H^+\)) are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space. The electron transport chain is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The hydrogen ion gradient formed between the intermembrane space (high \(H^+\) concentration) and the matrix (low \(H^+\) concentration) is used to drive ATP synthesis by ATP synthase.

Answer:

• First question: Anaphase
• Second question: intermembrane space