Question

e. short-response questions (answer in 1 - 2 sentences)

1. why did keeping porus as a satrap help alexander after hydaspes?
2. what made fighting in bactria and sogdiana different from earlier battles?
3. give one example of logistics that helped the army move or fight.
4. what was proskynesis, and why did some macedonians dislike it?

f. multiple choice (circle one)

1. at gaugamela, alexanders side won mainly because of:

a) bigger army b) better ships c) smarter maneuvering d) new elephants

1. which pair of cities opened the persian heartland to alexander?

a) taxila and multan b) babylon and susa c) athens and sparta d) tyre and sidon

1. the army turned back at the hyphasis (beas) because soldiers were:

a) lost b) excited c) exhausted and facing harsh conditions d) outnumbered

1. a major challenge on the return journey was:

a) lack of horses b) storms at sea near greece c) water and heat in the gedrosian desert d) snow in the alps

Explanation:

1. Keeping Porus as a satrap helped Alexander after Hydaspes because it showed leniency, which could gain loyalty from the local population and set a positive example for other regions.
2. Fighting in Bactria and Sogdiana was different from earlier battles as it involved guerrilla - style warfare, difficult terrain, and a more prolonged and irregular conflict compared to previous set - piece battles.
3. One example of logistics that helped the army move or fight was the construction of supply lines, ensuring that food, weapons, and other necessary resources were available to the troops.
4. Proskynesis was a form of ritualized bowing or prostration. Some Macedonians disliked it because it was seen as too similar to Persian court customs, which they associated with a loss of their own cultural identity and a hierarchical system that they were not accustomed to.

Answer:

1. It showed leniency and could gain loyalty.
2. Guerrilla - style warfare and difficult terrain.
3. Construction of supply lines.
4. Proskynesis was ritualized bowing; Macedonians disliked it as it resembled Persian customs and threatened their cultural identity.

For multiple - choice:

1. C. Smarter maneuvering.
2. B. Babylon and Susa.
3. C. Exhausted and facing harsh conditions.
4. C. Water and heat in the Gedrosian Desert.