Question

the series of reforms introduced in the ottoman empire between 1839 and 1876 to modernize governance was called the blank.
the examination system in qing china that recruited state officials based on merit was known as the blank.

Explanation:

First Question:

The Tanzimat reforms (1839 - 1876) aimed to modernize the Ottoman Empire's governance, including legal, administrative, and social changes.

The civil service examination system in Qing China selected officials based on merit, testing knowledge of Confucian classics and administrative skills.

Answer:

Tanzimat

Second Question: