Question

select all the correct answers.
which two sentences describe a condition that was common to germany and italy before unification?
they were divided into many states, some of which were ruled by foreign leaders
they had liberal constitutions that upheld the individual rights of all citizens
their economies collapsed because of changes brought about by the industrial revolution
they allied with other foreign powers during wars to promote the goal of unification
their territories were engaged in bitter struggles because of differences in language, religion, and culture

Explanation:

• First option: Before unification, both Germany (e.g., with states like Prussia, Bavaria, and some under foreign - influenced rule like parts under Austrian influence in the German Confederation) and Italy (divided into states such as the Kingdom of Sardinia, the Papal States, and parts under Austrian rule) were divided into multiple states, some with foreign - ruled components.
• Second option: Before unification, neither Germany (in its fragmented state) nor Italy had liberal constitutions that upheld the rights of all citizens. In fact, many of the states had autocratic or semi - autocratic rule.
• Third option: Their economies did not collapse. In fact, in the case of some German states (like Prussia) and parts of Italy (such as the Kingdom of Sardinia), there were economic developments. The Industrial Revolution was more of a factor that contributed to the growth of a sense of national identity (e.g., through the growth of a bourgeoisie class with shared economic interests) rather than causing economic collapse.
• Fourth option: While there were diplomatic maneuvers, the idea of allying with foreign powers during wars specifically to promote unification is not a common and accurate description. For example, Prussia in the German unification wars (like the Austro - Prussian War) was more about asserting Prussian dominance rather than a simple alliance for unification. In Italy, figures like Cavour used diplomacy, but it was not about allying with foreign powers in wars in the way described.
• Fifth option: In both Germany and Italy, there was a shared language (German dialects that were being standardized more towards High German, and Italian language with a growing sense of a national language) and a shared religion (predominantly Christianity, with a large Catholic presence in Italy and a significant Protestant and Catholic presence in Germany). The cultural differences were not the main reason for the lack of unification; rather, political division was.

Answer:

They were divided into many states, some of which were ruled by foreign leaders.