section 1: multiple choice questions
1. the overall equation for aerobic cellular respiration is:
a) $6\ co_2 + 6\ h_2o \
ightarrow c_6h_{12}o_6 + 6\ o_2$
b) $c_6h_{12}o_6 + 6\ o_2 \
ightarrow 6\ co_2 + 6\ h_2o + \text{energy}$
c) $c_6h_{12}o_6 \
ightarrow 2\ c_2h_5oh + 2\ co_2 + \text{energy}$
d) $6\ co_2 + 12\ h_2o \
ightarrow c_6h_{12}o_6 + 6\ o_2 + 6\ h_2o$
2. the pigment responsible for the yellow - orange colors of leaves in autumn is:
a) chlorophyll a
b) chlorophyll b
c) carotenoids
d) anthocyanin
3. a discrete packet of light energy is called a:
a) photon
b) proton
c) electron
d) pigment
4. the light reactions of photosynthesis occur in the:
a) stroma
b) cytoplasm
c) thylakoid membranes
d) mitochondrial matrix
5. the oxygen released during the light reactions comes from:
a) carbon dioxide
b) glucose
c) water (photolysis)
d) nadph
6. glycolysis occurs in the:
a) mitochondrial matrix
b) cytoplasm
c) thylakoid membrane
d) nucleus
7. the maximum net atp yield from one glucose molecule in aerobic respiration is approximately:
a) 2 atp
b) 18 atp
c) 30 - 32 atp
d) 36 - 38 atp
8. under anaerobic conditions in human muscle cells, the waste product is:
a) ethanol
b) carbon dioxide
c) lactic acid (lactate)
d) acetic acid
which of the following is not produced during glycolysis?
2 atp (net)
nadh
pyruvate

Question

Accepted Answer

### Question 1
# Brief Explanations:
Aerobic cellular respiration uses glucose and oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy. The correct equation is $ \text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6 + 6\text{O}_2
ightarrow 6\text{CO}_2 + 6\text{H}_2\text{O} + \text{energy} $, which matches option b. Option a is photosynthesis, c is anaerobic respiration (alcoholic fermentation), d is also photosynthesis.
# Answer:
b. $ \text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6 + 6\text{O}_2
ightarrow 6\text{CO}_2 + 6\text{H}_2\text{O} + \text{energy} $

### Question 2
# Brief Explanations:
Carotenoids are pigments that give yellow - orange colors to leaves, especially in autumn when chlorophyll breaks down. Chlorophyll a and b are green, anthocyanin gives red - purple colors.
# Answer:
c. Carotenoids

### Question 3
# Brief Explanations:
A photon is a discrete packet of light energy. Protons are sub - atomic particles in the nucleus, electrons are negatively charged particles, and pigments are substances that absorb light.
# Answer:
a. Photon

### Question 4
# Brief Explanations:
The light reactions of photosynthesis occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast. The stroma is where the Calvin cycle (dark reactions) occurs, cytoplasm is the general cell matrix, and the mitochondrial matrix is related to cellular respiration.
# Answer:
c. Thylakoid membranes

### Question 5
# Brief Explanations:
During the light reactions of photosynthesis, water is split (photolysis) to release oxygen. Carbon dioxide is used in the Calvin cycle, glucose is a product of photosynthesis, and NADPH is a product of the light reactions but not the source of oxygen.
# Answer:
c. Water (photolysis)

### Question 6
# Brief Explanations:
Glycolysis, the first step of cellular respiration, occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. The mitochondrial matrix is for the Krebs cycle, thylakoid membrane is for photosynthesis light reactions, and the nucleus is for genetic material storage.
# Answer:
b. Cytoplasm

### Question 7
# Brief Explanations:
The maximum net ATP yield from one glucose molecule in aerobic respiration is approximately 30 - 32 ATP (due to the efficient electron transport chain and chemiosmosis). The old estimate of 36 - 38 ATP was revised, and 2 ATP is just from glycolysis, 18 ATP is an incorrect lower estimate.
# Answer:
c. 30 - 32 ATP

### Question 8
# Brief Explanations:
Under anaerobic conditions in human muscle cells, lactic acid (lactate) is produced. Ethanol is produced in anaerobic respiration of yeast, carbon dioxide is produced in both aerobic and some anaerobic processes, and acetic acid is not a product of human muscle anaerobic respiration.
# Answer:
c. Lactic acid (lactate)

### Question 9 (incomplete, but assuming a common question)
If we assume the options are something like ATP (net), NADH, Pyruvate, and something like FADH₂ (which is not produced in glycolysis). Glycolysis produces 2 net ATP, NADH, and pyruvate. FADH₂ is produced in the Krebs cycle. So if the question is which is not produced in glycolysis, and if FADH₂ is an option, the answer would be FADH₂. But since the options are not fully shown, if we consider the common ones:
# Brief Explanations:
Glycolysis produces 2 net ATP, NADH, and pyruvate. FADH₂ is produced in the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) and not in glycolysis.
# Answer:
(If the option is FADH₂, then) FADH₂ (but based on the partial question, if the options are 2 ATP (net), NADH, Pyruvate, and FADH₂, the answer is FADH₂)

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