Question

section a: 25 marks
answer all questions from this section.

1. identify two ways through which archeologists obtain information on history of kenya. (2marks)
2. name the ceremony that marked the graduation of the morans into junior elders. (1mark)
3. identify two items of trade that were brought at the east african coast by the romans. (2marks)
4. name the method that was used to resolve the 2007 post-election violence in kenya. (1mark)
5. give two ways in which the use of kiswahili promotes unity in kenya. (2marks)
6. identify one minority group whose rights were protected by the constitution of kenya at independence. (1mark)
7. what was the main function of the legislative council in colonial kenya. (1mark)
8. give two reasons that can make a registered person lose citizenship in kenya. (2marks)
9. identify two commissions on education constituted during the colonial period. (2marks)
10. give the main ideological difference between kenya african national union (kanu) and kenya african democratic union (kadu) before independence. (1mark)
11. state two reasons why elections are held regularly in kenya. (2marks)
12. give the administrative head of the defence forces in kenya. (1mark)
13. state two arms of the county government in kenya. (2marks)
14. state the main contribution of professor wangari maathai in environmental conservation. (1mark)
15. state two funds into which the government of kenya deposits its revenue. (2marks)
16. give one political reason for the construction of the kenya-uganda railway by the british. (1mark)
17. give the main function of the commission on revenue allocation. (1mark)

Explanation:

🆕 New Concept Discovered: Kenyan History and Government
Analyzing historical events, constitutional developments, and governance structures in Kenya.

Step 1: Archaeological Sources of Kenyan History (Question 1)

Archaeologists reconstruct history by physically recovering and analyzing material remains left behind by past societies. Two primary ways they obtain information are:
* **Excavating historical sites:** Digging up buried artifacts, fossils, tools, and structural remains.
* **Analyzing fossils and artifacts:** Studying physical remains (such as bones, pottery, and stone tools) using scientific dating methods to understand human evolution and early lifestyles.

Step 2: Maasai Graduation Ceremony (Question 2)

In traditional Maasai society, the transition of warriors (*Morans*) into junior elders is marked by a major rite of passage.
* **Eunoto ceremony:** This sacred ceremony involves shaving the initiate's long hair and marks their transition to junior elder status.

Step 3: Roman Trade Items at the East African Coast (Question 3)

During the ancient Indian Ocean trade, Roman merchants visited the East African coast.
* **Items brought by Romans:** Glassware, wine, weapons/iron tools, and Roman coins.

Step 4: Resolution of the 2007 Post-Election Violence (Question 4)

The political crisis following the disputed 2007 presidential election was resolved through an internationally mediated process.
* **Mediation / National Accord and Reconciliation Act:** Led by Kofi Annan under the African Union Panel of Eminent African Personalities, resulting in a power-sharing coalition government.

Step 5: Kiswahili and National Unity (Question 5)

Kiswahili serves as both a national and official language in Kenya, fostering cohesion in several ways:
* **Breaking down ethnic barriers:** It provides a common medium of communication among Kenya's diverse ethnic groups.
* **Promoting national identity:** It fosters a sense of belonging and patriotism as a shared national language.

Step 6: Minority Groups Protected at Independence (Question 6)

The 1963 Independence Constitution (Lancaster Constitution) included provisions to protect smaller communities who feared domination by larger ethnic groups.
* **Minority groups:** Examples include the Asians, Europeans, or smaller indigenous communities like the Kalenjin, Maasai, Turkana, and Samburu (often represented politically by KADU).

Step 7: Function of the Legislative Council (LegCo) (Question 7)

The Legislative Council was established during the colonial era to serve as the primary legislative body.
* **Main function:** To make laws for the administration of colonial Kenya.

Step 8: Loss of Registered Citizenship (Question 8)

Under Kenyan law, a person who acquired citizenship by registration can lose it under specific constitutional conditions:
* **Treason/Disloyalty:** If the person is shown by act or speech to be disloyal or disaffected towards the Republic of Kenya.
* **Assisting an enemy state:** If the person trades with or assists an enemy state during a war in which Kenya is engaged.
* **Fraud:** If the citizenship was acquired by fraud, false representation, or concealment of any material fact.

Step 9: Colonial Education Commissions (Question 9)

During the colonial period, several commissions were established to review and make recommendations on the education system:
* **Phelps-Stokes Commission (1924)**
* **Fraser Commission (1909)**
* **Beecher Committee/Commission (1949)**

Step 10: Ideological Difference Between KANU and KADU (Question 10)

Before independence, the two main political parties held contrasting views on how the independent state should be structured:
* **KANU (Kenya African National Union):** Advocated for a strong, centralized unitary government (*Unitarianism*).
* **KADU (Kenya African Democratic Union):** Advocated for a decentralized, federal system of government (*Majimboism*) to protect minority tribes.

Step 11: Importance of Regular Elections (Question 11)

Elections are a fundamental pillar of democratic governance. Regular elections are held to:
* **Uphold democracy:** Give citizens their constitutional right to choose their leaders.
* **Ensure accountability:** Provide an opportunity to replace non-performing leaders and renew the mandate of performing ones.

Step 12: Administrative Head of the Defence Forces (Question 12)

While the President is the Commander-in-Chief, the administrative and professional head of the military operations is:
* **The Chief of the Defence Forces (CDF)** (with the **Cabinet Secretary for Defence** serving as the political/ministerial head).

Step 13: Arms of the County Government (Question 13)

Under the devolved system of governance in Kenya, each of the 47 county governments consists of two main arms:
* **The County Executive:** Headed by the County Governor and the County Executive Committee (CEC).
* **The County Assembly:** Consisting of Member of County Assemblies (MCAs) who perform legislative and oversight roles.

Step 14: Wangari Maathai's Contribution (Question 14)

Professor Wangari Maathai was a world-renowned environmentalist and the first African woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize (2004).
* **Main contribution:** Founding the **Green Belt Movement**, which championed tree planting, environmental conservation, and women's rights.

Step 15: Government Revenue Funds (Question 15)

The national government manages public funds through specific accounts established by the Constitution:
* **Consolidated Fund:** The primary fund into which all government revenues are deposited.
* **Equalisation Fund:** A fund used to provide basic services (such as water, roads, health facilities, and electricity) to marginalized areas.

Step 16: Political Reason for the Kenya-Uganda Railway (Question 16)

While there were economic motives, the British had strategic political reasons for constructing the railway:
* **To secure the source of the River Nile:** By establishing effective control over Uganda and British East Africa, preventing rival European powers (like France or Germany) from occupying the region.
* **To facilitate effective administration:** Allowing quick movement of administrative staff and troops to maintain law and order.

Step 17: Function of the Commission on Revenue Allocation (CRA) (Question 17)

The CRA is an independent commission set up under Article 216 of the Constitution.
* **Main function:** To make recommendations concerning the equitable sharing of revenue raised by the national government between the national and county governments, and among the county governments.

Answer:

1. Two ways archaeologists obtain information:

• Excavating historical sites to unearth physical remains.
• Analyzing fossils and artifacts using scientific dating methods.

1. Ceremony marking graduation of Morans:

• The Eunoto ceremony.

1. Two items of trade brought by Romans:

• Glassware and Roman coins (or wine/weapons).

1. Method used to resolve the 2007 post-election violence:

• Mediation (The National Accord and Reconciliation process led by Kofi Annan).

1. Two ways Kiswahili promotes unity:

• It serves as a common national language that bridges ethnic communication gaps.
• It fosters a shared national identity and patriotism among Kenyans.

1. One minority group protected at independence:

• European/Asian minorities (or smaller indigenous communities represented by KADU, such as the Kalenjin or Maasai).

1. Main function of the Legislative Council (LegCo):

• To make and pass laws for the administration of colonial Kenya.

1. Two reasons a registered citizen can lose citizenship:

• If the citizenship was acquired through fraud, false representation, or concealment of material facts.
• If the person is shown to be disloyal to Kenya by supporting or trading with an enemy state during a war.

1. Two colonial education commissions:

• The Phelps-Stokes Commission (1924).
• The Fraser Commission (1909) / Beecher Committee (1949).

1. Main ideological difference between KANU and KADU:

• KANU advocated for a centralized unitary system of government, whereas KADU advocated for a decentralized federal system (Majimboism).

1. Two reasons why elections are held regularly:

• To give citizens the democratic opportunity to exercise their sovereign power to elect leaders of their choice.
• To hold leaders accountable by providing a mechanism to replace those who underperform.

1. Administrative head of the defence forces:

• The Chief of the Defence Forces (CDF).

1. Two arms of the County Government:

• The County Executive.
• The County Assembly.

1. Main contribution of Professor Wangari Maathai:

• Founding the Green Belt Movement to promote environmental conservation through massive tree-planting initiatives.

1. Two funds into which the Government deposits revenue:

• The Consolidated Fund.
• The Equalisation Fund.

1. One political reason for the construction of the Kenya-Uganda railway:

• To secure British strategic control over the source of the River Nile (Uganda) against rival European powers.

1. Main function of the Commission on Revenue Allocation (CRA):

• To recommend the equitable sharing of national revenue between the national government and county governments, as well as among the 47 counties.