Question

4 sagans use of parallelism (\think of the rivers of blood spilled... think of the endless cruelties\) primarily functions to— a lighten the mood through rhythm b appeal to logic (logos) through facts c demonstrate historical accuracy d intensify emotional appeal (pathos) by repetition of human suffering

Explanation:

Parallelism in writing is a rhetorical device. When Sagan uses "Think of the rivers of blood spilled... think of the endless cruelties", the repetition of "think of" along with descriptions of human suffering (blood spilled, endless cruelties) is designed to evoke emotions. Logos (appeal to logic) would involve facts and reasoning, which is not the case here. Demonstrating historical accuracy is not the main function as it's more about emotional impact. Lightening the mood is incorrect because the topics (blood, cruelties) are serious. Pathos is an appeal to emotion, and the repetition intensifies that emotional appeal.

Answer:

D. intensify emotional appeal (pathos) by repetition of human suffering