Question

the road to english constitutionalism
name\taccomplishments\tproblems\tfate?
james i\t\t\t
\twhy did the church & the aristocracy support him?
charles i\t\t\t
charles ii\t\t\t
james ii\t\t\t
william & mary\t\t\t
why is the glorious revolution called \glorious\?\twilliam & mary had to agree to sign the english bill of rights, in exchange for power (1689). please list five main provisions of this document.
what were three characteristics of baroque art?
list two artists from this movement.

Explanation:

The problem involves questions about English constitutionalism (historical figures, events, documents) and Baroque art (characteristics, artists). For the English constitutionalism part, it falls under History (a subfield of Social Science) as it deals with historical events, political developments, and figures in English history. The Baroque art questions fall under Arts (subfield: Art History or Literature/Arts - related to art movements). Since the user might want answers for these, let's address the Baroque art question first. Baroque art is known for its dramatic use of light and shadow (chiaroscuro), dynamic compositions (movement and tension), and ornate, detailed, and grandiose style (rich ornamentation, grand scale). Artists from this movement include Caravaggio, Gian Lorenzo Bernini, and Peter Paul Rubens.

Answer:

For "What were three characteristics of Baroque art? List two artists from this movement."

• Three characteristics of Baroque art:

1. Dramatic use of light and shadow (chiaroscuro) to create depth and emotional impact.
2. Dynamic, energetic compositions with a sense of movement and tension (often depicting action or intense scenes).
3. Ornate, detailed, and grandiose style (rich ornamentation, grand scale, and opulent subject matter, especially in religious art to evoke awe).

• Two artists from the Baroque movement: Caravaggio, Gian Lorenzo Bernini (or Peter Paul Rubens).

For the English constitutionalism table (example for James I, Charles I, etc. - filling the table):

• James I:
• Accomplishments: Asserted the divine right of kings; commissioned the King James Bible (the illustration shows a Bible).
• Problems: Conflict with Parliament over money and power; religious tensions (favored Anglicanism, clashed with Puritans).
• Fate: Died naturally (1625), succeeded by Charles I.
• Charles I:
• Accomplishments: Initially, some support from Church and aristocracy (they supported him as he seemed to uphold traditional authority, monarchy, and the Church of England against Puritan reforms and Parliamentary challenges). Tried to rule without Parliament (Personal Rule).
• Problems: Forced loans, ship money, religious policies (Anglicanism, alienated Puritans); led to the English Civil War (1642 - 1649) against Parliamentarians.
• Fate: Executed (1649) after losing the Civil War, beheaded for treason.
• Charles II:
• Accomplishments: Restored the monarchy (Restoration, 1660); reopened theaters, promoted arts; signed the Treaty of Dover (though controversial).
• Problems: Religious tensions (Catholic sympathies, Clergy Act, Test Act); financial issues; conflict with Parliament over power.
• Fate: Died in 1685, succeeded by James II.
• James II:
• Accomplishments: Initially, some efforts, but...
• Problems: Openly Catholic, appointed Catholics to positions, issued Declaration of Indulgence (religious freedom, but seen as undermining Anglicanism and Parliament's authority); led to opposition from Parliament and nobility.
• Fate: Forced to flee during the Glorious Revolution (1688), replaced by William and Mary.
• William & Mary:
• Accomplishments: Signed the English Bill of Rights (1689), establishing constitutional monarchy; limited royal power, established parliamentary supremacy, guaranteed certain rights (e.g., free elections, freedom of speech in Parliament).
• Problems: Had to navigate power balance with Parliament, but generally stable after the Glorious Revolution.
• Fate: Ruled jointly until Mary's death (1694), then William ruled alone until his death (1702), succeeded by Anne.

For "Why is the Glorious Revolution called 'glorious'?"

It was called "glorious" because it was a bloodless (or nearly bloodless) revolution: James II fled without major warfare, and William and Mary took power peacefully. It established constitutional monarchy, limiting royal power and securing parliamentary and individual rights (via the English Bill of Rights), avoiding the violence of the previous Civil War.

For "William & Mary had to agree to sign the English Bill of Rights, in exchange for power (1689). Please list five main provisions of this document."

Five main provisions of the English Bill of Rights (1689):

1. No suspension of laws by royal authority without Parliament's consent.
2. No taxation without Parliament's approval.
3. No standing army in peacetime without Parliament's consent.
4. Free elections to Parliament and freedom of speech in Parliament.
5. Protection from cruel and unusual punishment, and the right to petition the king.