Question

question 33
what is the main idea of social learning theory?
a - behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.
b - fear is a conditioned response.
c - learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
d - one can learn new behaviors by observing others.

question 34
although b. f. skinner and john b. watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, suggested a cognitive aspect to learning.

Explanation:

Analyze Question 33

The question asks for the main idea of social learning theory. Social learning theory, proposed by Albert Bandura, emphasizes that people can learn new behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions through observational learning, modeling, and imitation of others. This is distinct from classical conditioning (pairing stimuli) and operant conditioning (reinforcements and punishments).

• Option A describes operant conditioning.
• Option B describes a classical conditioning outcome.
• Option C describes classical conditioning.
• Option D ("One can learn new behaviors by observing others") directly defines observational learning, which is the core of social learning theory.

Analyze Question 34

The question is a fill-in-the-blank statement: "Although B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning."
Skinner and Watson were strict behaviorists who focused solely on observable behaviors (part of Behavioral Psychology). Psychologists like Edward C. Tolman, Albert Bandura, or Wolfgang Köhler introduced cognitive elements to learning. Tolman demonstrated cognitive maps and latent learning, showing that learning involves internal mental representations and expectations. Bandura also emphasized cognitive processes in social learning. Given standard high school psychology curricula, Edward Tolman (or Albert Bandura) is the primary figure contrasted with Watson and Skinner regarding cognitive maps and expectations in learning. Let's provide the most widely recognized pioneer of cognitive learning in this context, Edward Tolman.

Connect to behavioral concepts

Strict behaviorists like Watson and Skinner argued that learning is purely a matter of stimulus-response associations or reinforcement contingencies. By contrast, cognitive psychologists showed that internal mental states, expectations, and cognitive maps are essential to understanding how organisms learn.

Answer:

Question 33

• A - Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.
• B - Fear is a conditioned response.
• C - Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
• D - One can learn new behaviors by observing others. (Correct answer)

Question 34

Edward Tolman