Question

question 22
which of the following has been identified as a cause of early onset of offending?
a all of the above
b distant peer relationships
c psychological issues and problems
d inadequate emotional support

question 23
according to development theory, the best predictor of future criminality is:
a grades in high school
b past criminality
c body type and personality
d parenting style

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Explanation:

For Question 22:

• Distant peer relationships can lead to social isolation and a search for alternative (often deviant) social groups.
• Psychological issues like conduct disorder or impulse - control problems can predispose to early offending.
• Inadequate emotional support (e.g., from family) can lead to feelings of worthlessness and a higher likelihood of engaging in deviant behavior. So all these factors (B, C, D) contribute, making A (All of the above) correct.

For Question 23:

• According to development theory (e.g., life - course persistent theory), past criminality is a strong predictor. It shows a pattern of behavior that is more likely to continue. Grades in high school, body type and personality, and parenting style are factors but not as strong a predictor as past criminality.

Answer:

Question 22: A. All of the above
Question 23: B. past criminality