Question

question 11 (6 points)
question: a public health department wants to investigate the impact of a community - wide vaccination program on reducing the incidence of a specific infectious disease. they ask individuals who develop the disease about their vaccination status. what study design is this?

1. experimental
2. cohort
3. case - control
4. ecological

question 12 (6 points)
question: a researcher is interested in studying the relationship between air pollution levels and respiratory diseases in different neighborhoods across a city. they will survey neighborhood residents in high pollution areas to see what respiratory illness they self - report. which study design is this?

1. experimental
2. cohort

Explanation:

• Question 11: In a case - control study, researchers start with individuals who have a disease (cases) and compare them with those who do not have the disease (controls) regarding an exposure (in this case, vaccination status). Here, the public health department is looking at people who developed the disease (cases) and asking about their vaccination status (the exposure).
• Question 12: An ecological study examines the relationship between exposures and outcomes at the population or group level. In this case, the researcher is looking at the relationship between air pollution levels (at the neighborhood level) and respiratory diseases (self - reported by neighborhood residents), which is at the group (neighborhood) level.

Answer:

• Question 11: 3) Case - control
• Question 12: 4) Ecological