Question

question 10
pressure gradients are established by changes in the
thoracic cavity.
abdominal cavity.
upper respiratory tract.
atmosphere.
question 11
more than two - thirds of the carbon dioxide carried by blood is carried in the form of
bicarbonate ions.
dissolved plasma proteins.
carbonic acid.
carbamino compounds.
question 12
what variations exist in the body to temporarily store or carry oxygen?
neuroglobin
myoglobin
fetal hemoglobin
all of the above

Explanation:

• Question 10: Pressure gradients for breathing are established by changes in the thoracic cavity (e.g., diaphragm contraction/relaxation changes thoracic volume and pressure).
• Question 11: In the blood, most (\(> \frac{2}{3}\)) of \(CO_2\) is transported as bicarbonate ions (\(HCO_3^-\)) via the reaction \(CO_2 + H_2O

ightleftharpoons H_2CO_3
ightleftharpoons H^+ + HCO_3^-\).

• Question 12: Neuroglobin (in neurons), myoglobin (in muscle), and fetal hemoglobin (in fetus, has higher \(O_2\) - affinity than adult hemoglobin) all play roles in oxygen - related processes (storage/carrying).

Answer:

• Question 10: thoracic cavity
• Question 11: bicarbonate ions
• Question 12: all of the above