Question

1. organelles

match the structure to its function as you watch:
organelle function
nucleus
mitochondria
ribosomes
endoplasmic reticulum
(er)
golgi apparatus
lysosomes
vacuoles
chloroplasts (in plants)

Explanation:

• Nucleus: It is the control center of the cell. It contains the cell's genetic material (DNA) which directs all the cell's activities such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction.
• Mitochondria: Often called the "powerhouse" of the cell. They carry out cellular respiration, a process that converts nutrients (like glucose) into adenosine - triphosphate (ATP), the energy currency of the cell.
• Ribosomes: These are the sites of protein synthesis. They read the messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence and assemble amino acids into polypeptide chains (proteins) based on the genetic code.
• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
• Rough ER: Has ribosomes attached to its surface. It is involved in the synthesis, folding, and modification of proteins (especially those that are to be secreted or incorporated into the cell membrane).
• Smooth ER: Lacks ribosomes. It is important for lipid synthesis (such as phospholipids for the cell membrane), detoxification of drugs and poisons in the cell (in liver cells, for example), and calcium storage and release (in muscle cells).
• Golgi Apparatus: It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids that are synthesized in the ER. It can add sugar molecules (glycosylation) to proteins, and then packages them into vesicles for transport to their final destinations (either within the cell or for secretion outside the cell).
• Lysosomes: Contain digestive enzymes. They break down waste materials (such as old organelles - autophagy), foreign particles (like bacteria - phagocytosis), and cellular debris.
• Vacuoles:
• In plant cells: Large central vacuole. It stores water, ions (such as potassium and chloride), and nutrients (like sugars and amino acids). It also provides turgor pressure to the plant cell, helping the plant to maintain its shape.
• In animal cells: Smaller vacuoles. They can be involved in storage (similar to plant vacuoles but on a smaller scale) and in endocytosis and exocytosis processes.
• Chloroplasts (in plants): Carry out photosynthesis. They contain chlorophyll (a pigment) that captures light energy. This energy is then used to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose (a sugar) and oxygen.

Answer:

• Nucleus: Control center of the cell (contains DNA, directs cell activities).
• Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell (produces ATP through cellular respiration).
• Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis.
• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Rough ER - protein synthesis and modification; Smooth ER - lipid synthesis, detoxification, calcium storage.
• Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids.
• Lysosomes: Contain digestive enzymes (break down waste, foreign particles).
• Vacuoles: In plants - store water, nutrients, provide turgor; In animals - storage, involved in endo/exo - cytosis.
• Chloroplasts (in plants): Site of photosynthesis (produces glucose and oxygen from \(CO_2\) and \(H_2O\) using light energy).