Question

(4) next, you want to turn on neurons to make people see visual objects that they have expertise with from when they were young. which brain region should you stimulate?
lateral geniculate nucleus (lgn) of the thalamus
primary visual cortex (v1)
visual motion area (mt)
ventral tegmental area (vta)
ventral temporal cortex (vtc) / fusiform face area (ffa)
(5) which neuroscience method can successfully stimulate the brain area in (4) in humans?
deep brain stimulation (dbs)
optogenetics
transcranial direct current stimulation (tdcs)
transcranial magnetic stimulation (tms)
all of the above

Explanation:

• For question (4): The ventral temporal cortex (VTC)/fusiform face area (FFA) is involved in object recognition, especially for objects with which one has expertise (like faces, which are a common object of expertise from a young age). The LGN is a relay station for visual information, V1 is the primary visual cortex for basic visual processing (like edges, orientation), MT is for visual motion processing, and VTA is related to reward - related functions.
• For question (5): Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) can non - invasively stimulate cortical areas (such as the ventral temporal cortex). Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is invasive (requires surgery to implant electrodes). Optogenetics is not used in humans for this purpose as it requires genetic modification of neurons. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) is more of a modulatory technique and not typically used for the kind of focused stimulation to evoke visual object perception as described.

Answer:

(4) ventral temporal cortex (VTC)/fusiform face area (FFA)
(5) Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)