Question

in new york times v. sullivan (1964), what new standard did the supreme court establish for public figures in libel cases? * 1 point
a) public figures must prove negligence
b) public figures cannot sue for libel
c) public figures have reduced first amendment protections
d) public figures must prove actual malice by the journalist

under the fourth amendment, what is required before law enforcement can * 1 point
conduct a search?
a) probable cause or a warrant
b) reasonable suspicion only
c) permission from a supervisor
d) 24-hour notice to the suspect

Explanation:

First Question (New York Times v. Sullivan):

In New York Times v. Sullivan (1964), the Supreme Court established that public figures in libel cases must prove "actual malice" (knowledge of falsity or reckless disregard for the truth) by the journalist. Option A is incorrect (negligence is not the standard). Option B is wrong (public figures can sue for libel). Option C is incorrect (First Amendment protections are not reduced for public figures in this context). Option D matches the established standard.

The Fourth Amendment requires law enforcement to have probable cause (and typically a warrant, though there are exceptions) to conduct a search. Option B is incorrect (reasonable suspicion is for stops, not full searches). Option C is wrong (supervisor permission is not a Fourth Amendment requirement). Option D is incorrect (no 24 - hour notice requirement). Option A matches the Fourth Amendment's search requirements.

Answer:

D) Public figures must prove actual malice by the journalist

Second Question (Fourth Amendment Search Requirement):