Question

multiple choice question
why would the existence of a cognitive map be problematic for a strict operant conditioning theorist?
○ it focuses on external stimuli.
○ it lacks a reinforcer.
○ it is based on unthinking associations between stimuli and responses.
○ it requires behavior modifcation.

Explanation:

Operant conditioning emphasizes the role of reinforcers (rewards or punishments) in shaping behavior. A cognitive map is an internal mental representation (like a mental 'map' of an environment) that an organism forms. Since it doesn't rely on a reinforcer (a key element in operant conditioning) to be created or used (e.g., in latent learning experiments where rats formed cognitive maps of mazes without immediate reinforcement), its existence goes against the strict operant conditioning view which centers around the necessity of reinforcers for learning and behavior - related processes. Focusing on external stimuli is not a problem for operant conditioning (which also deals with stimuli - response relationships). Being based on unthinking associations (as in classical conditioning, which is more stimulus - stimulus based) is not the issue here. And behavior modification can be related to operant conditioning techniques, so that is not the conflicting aspect.

Answer:

It lacks a reinforcer.