Question

maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with increased risk of ______ and attentional problems in 5 to 12 year - old children, as rated by teachers
○ a. aggressive behavior
○ b. social withdrawal
○ c. intellectual disabilities
○ d. academic anxiety

Explanation:

Research in psychology has shown that maternal smoking during pregnancy can have negative impacts on child behavior. Aggressive behavior is one of the well - documented associations. Social withdrawal is more related to other factors like social environment or certain personality - development issues not typically linked to maternal smoking during pregnancy in the context of teacher - rated 5 - 12 - year - old behavior. Intellectual disabilities have a more complex etiology often involving genetic, prenatal (but not specifically smoking in most cases), or birth - related complications. Academic anxiety is more about the academic environment and individual coping mechanisms rather than a direct result of maternal smoking during pregnancy.

Answer:

A. aggressive behavior