Question

instructions: use the notes and information in your notebook as well as other resources to complete this test review. extra credit towards your lowest test scores will be given for completion of reviews and your test grade will be entered into the grade book.
b.5 (a) biomolecules and cell function (s) 1.

1. complete the following chart comparing macromolecules (biomolecules)

functions in cells	carbohydrates	lipids	proteins	nucleic acids
building blocks or monomers	glucose	fatty acids	amino acids	phosphate, nucleotides
examples	glucose, starch	fats, oils, cholesterol	enzymes	dna, rna

b.5 (b) complexity of prokaryotic versus eukaryotic cells (r) 2 - 6.

1. what is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? give examples of organisms from each group.
2. what is the difference between plant and animal cells? give examples of organisms from each group.
3. are plant and animal cells prokaryotic or eukaryotic? how do you know? label each cell.

diagrams not to scale

1. fill in this chart including the letter, number, roman numeral or all that apply for the part as seen on the diagrams on the previous page.

cell part (structure)	function	letter/number/ roman numeral
cell (plasma) membrane	structural support
flagella	cell locomotion
mitochondrion	produces atp
cell wall	structural support
chloroplast	performs photosynthesis
nucleus	contains chromatin dna
cytoplasm	holding organelles
ribosomes	synthesizes
large central vacuole	stores water
smooth endoplasmic reticulum	synthesizes lipids
golgi apparatus (body)	modifies lipids for transport
rough endoplasmic reticulum	synthesizes protein
pilli	attaches to surfaces
capsule	protects prokaryotic cells

1. create a venn diagram displaying the similarities and differences between a prokaryote and eukaryote

prokaryote \t\t\tboth \t\t\teukaryote

Explanation:

The problem involves topics like biomolecules, cell structures, and cell types (prokaryotic, eukaryotic, plant, animal cells), which fall under Biology (a subfield of Natural Science). To solve, we use biological concepts:

1. Macromolecules Chart (Biomolecules)

• Carbohydrates: Function - Energy storage (e.g., glucose, starch); Monomer - Glucose.
• Lipids: Function - Energy storage, insulation, structure; Monomer - Fatty acids.
• Proteins: Function - Structural support, enzymes, transport; Monomer - Amino acids.
• Nucleic Acids: Function - Store genetic info, protein synthesis; Monomer - Nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, base); Examples - DNA, RNA.

2. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

• Difference: Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane - bound organelles (e.g., bacteria like E. coli); Eukaryotes have a nucleus and organelles (e.g., plants, animals, fungi like yeast).

3. Plant vs. Animal Cells

• Difference: Plant cells have a cell wall, large central vacuole, chloroplasts (e.g., Arabidopsis); Animal cells lack these (e.g., human cheek cells, Drosophila).

4. Plant/Animal Cell Type

• Both are eukaryotic (have a nucleus and membrane - bound organelles like mitochondria, ER).

5. Cell Part Functions (Chart)

• Nucleoid: Stores genetic material (prokaryotes).
• Plasma Membrane: Regulates substance entry/exit.
• Flagella: Cell movement.
• Mitochondrion: Produces ATP (energy).
• Cell Wall: Structural support (plants, prokaryotes).
• Chloroplast: Photosynthesis (plants).
• Nucleus: Stores genetic material (eukaryotes).
• Cytoplasm: Holds organelles, site of reactions.
• Ribosomes: Protein synthesis.
• Large Central Vacuole: Stores water (plants).
• Smooth ER: Lipid synthesis, detoxification.
• Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, packages proteins/lipids.
• Rough ER: Protein synthesis (has ribosomes).
• Pili: Attachment (prokaryotes).
• Capsule: Protects prokaryotic cells.

6. Venn Diagram (Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote)

• Prokaryote Only: No nucleus, no membrane - bound organelles, small, circular DNA (nucleoid).
• Both: Cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, DNA.
• Eukaryote Only: Nucleus, membrane - bound organelles, linear DNA.

Answer:

1. Macromolecules Chart (Completed)

Functions in cells	Carbohydrates	Lipids	Proteins	Nucleic Acids
Building Blocks or monomers	Glucose	Fatty acids	Amino acids	Nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base)
Examples	Glucose, starch	Fats, oils, cholesterol	Enzymes (e.g., amylase), hemoglobin	DNA, RNA

2. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

• Difference: Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane - bound organelles; Eukaryotes have them.
• Examples: Prokaryote - Escherichia coli; Eukaryote - Human (animal) or Arabidopsis thaliana (plant).

3. Plant vs. Animal Cells

• Difference: Plant cells have a cell wall, large central vacuole, chloroplasts; Animal cells do not.
• Examples: Plant - Zea mays (corn); Animal - Mus musculus (mouse).

4. Plant/Animal Cell Type

• Eukaryotic (because they have a nucleus and membrane - bound organelles like mitochondria).

5. Cell Part Functions (Completed Chart)

Cell Part (Structure)	Function	Letter/Number/Roman Numeral (depends on diagrams)
Cell (Plasma) Membrane	Regulates what enters/exits the cell	(Depends on diagram labeling)
Flagella	Cell movement	(Depends on diagram labeling)
Mitochondrion	Produces ATP (cellular energy)	(Depends on diagram labeling)
Cell Wall	Structural support (plants, bacteria, fungi)	(Depends on diagram labeling)
Chloroplast	Performs photosynthesis (plants, algae)	(Depends on diagram labeling)
Nucleus	Stores genetic material (eukaryotes)	(Depends on diagram labeling)
Cytoplasm	Holds organelles, site of metabolic reactions	(Depends on diagram labeling)
Ribosomes	Synthesizes proteins	(Depends on diagram labeling)
Large Central Vacuole	Stores water, nutrients (plants)	(Depends on diagram labeling)
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum	Synthesizes lipids, detoxifies	(Depends on diagram labeling)
Golgi Apparatus (Body)	Modifies, sorts, packages proteins/lipids	(Depends on diagram labeling)
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum	Synthesizes proteins (has ribosomes)	(Depends on diagram labeling)
Pili	Attaches to surfaces (prokaryotes)	(Depends on diagram labeling)
Capsule	Protects prokaryotic cells	(Depends on diagram labeling)

6. Venn Diagram (Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote)

• Prokaryote: No nucleus, no membrane - bound organelles, small, circular DNA (nucleoid), cell wall (in most), pili/flagella (some).
• Both: Cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, DNA (genetic material), can have cell wall (prokaryotes, plants).
• Eukaryote: Nucleus, membrane - bound organelles (mitochondria, ER, Golgi), linear DNA, larger size.