Question

the u.s. imports lumber from canada. a new canadian law preventing the cutting and harvesting of lumber in a 2,000 square mile \woodland sanctuary\ is passed. this law would ____ the supply of lumber to the u.s. market, shifting the supply curve to the ____.
a decrease; left
b increase; left
c increase; right
d decrease; right
9.
regina does not want to pay to build the new strip mall in the center of town, but she is one of the first people to take advantage of shopping there. regina is known as a ________________________ in this situation.
a free capitalist
b free sector
c free rider
d free walker

1. which group is comprised entirely of fixed costs?

a worker salaries, rent, water, and property taxes
b gas, rent, worker salaries, and electricity
c electricity, water, machine repairs, and heat
d machine repairs, rent, property taxes, and worker salaries

Explanation:

• Question 8: A law preventing lumber cutting reduces the supply. A decrease in supply shifts the supply curve to the left.
• Question 9: A "free rider" benefits from a good or service without paying for it, which matches Regina's situation.
• Question 10: Fixed costs do not change with output. Rent and property taxes are fixed. Worker salaries (if hourly, they can be variable), gas, water, electricity, and machine repairs are often variable.

Answer:

• Question 8: A. decrease; left
• Question 9: C. free rider
• Question 10: None of the options are correct as written. If we assume worker salaries are fixed (e.g., salaried employees), D. machine repairs, rent, property taxes, and worker salaries (but machine repairs are often variable). If we consider only rent and property taxes as fixed in all options, there is an error in the question setup. However, if forced to choose based on common fixed - cost items (rent and property taxes), and assuming worker salaries are fixed (a stretch in some cases), D is the closest. But in a more accurate economic sense, there is a flaw in the question's options.