Question

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Explanation:

Identify the core question

The question asks which of the options accurately describe Carol Gilligan's criticisms of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development. The prompt indicates "Select all that apply" (partially visible as "t apply").

Analyze Gilligan's criticisms

Carol Gilligan argued that Kohlberg's theory of moral development was biased. Her main criticisms include:

1. Gender Bias / Male Norm: Kohlberg's initial stages were developed based on a sample of entirely male participants, making it based on a male norm.
2. Justice vs. Care Perspective: Kohlberg's theory prioritizes a "justice perspective" (focusing on abstract principles, individual rights, and standing alone to make independent decisions) over a "care perspective" (focusing on interpersonal relationships, communication, and concern for others).
3. Devaluation of Relationships: Because Kohlberg's highest stages emphasize abstract ethical principles over relational connections, women (who often score higher on interpersonal care dimensions) were frequently categorized as morally less developed under his system.

Evaluate the visible options

Let's reconstruct and evaluate the partially cut-off options:

• Option 1: "...phasis on interpersonal communication and concern for others ignores individual decisions." -> Incorrect. Gilligan argued that Kohlberg's theory ignored interpersonal communication and care, not that emphasizing them ignores individual decisions.
• Option 2: "...s the individual standing alone independently making moral decisions." -> Correct. Gilligan criticized Kohlberg's model because it portrays the moral agent as an isolated individual making independent decisions, ignoring the relational context.
• Option 3: "...to focus on the rights of the individual." -> Correct. Gilligan criticized Kohlberg's theory for overemphasizing individual rights at the expense of relational responsibilities.
• Option 4: "...ased on a male norm." -> Correct. Gilligan famously argued that Kohlberg's theory is based on a male norm because his research was conducted primarily with male subjects.
• Option 5: "...s abstract principles above relationships." -> Correct. Gilligan criticized Kohlberg for placing abstract principles of justice above interpersonal relationships.

Formulate the final selection

Using our understanding of Kohlberg Moral Development, the accurate descriptions of Gilligan's criticisms are that Kohlberg's theory:

• Portrays the individual standing alone independently making moral decisions.
• Overemphasizes the rights of the individual.
• Is based on a male norm.
• Places abstract principles above relationships.

Answer:

Question 1

• (A) Kohlberg's emphasis on interpersonal communication and concern for others ignores individual decisions.
• (B) Kohlberg's theory portrays the individual standing alone independently making moral decisions. (Correct answer)
• (C) Kohlberg's theory tends to focus on the rights of the individual. (Correct answer)
• (D) Kohlberg's theory is based on a male norm. (Correct answer)
• (E) Kohlberg's theory places abstract principles above relationships. (Correct answer)