Question

how is soil permeability related to the application of fertilizers and pesticides?
highly permeable soil increases risk of contamination into groundwater.
highly permeable soil enhances their effectiveness permanently.
it has no effect on their application.
soil permeability makes pesticides unnecessary and useless.

Explanation:

Soil permeability refers to the ability of soil to transmit water and air. Highly permeable soil allows water (and substances dissolved in it like fertilizers and pesticides) to move through it more easily. When fertilizers and pesticides are applied to highly permeable soil, there is a greater chance that these substances can leach through the soil and contaminate groundwater. This is a significant environmental concern. Option 2 is incorrect because while permeability might affect short - term movement, it does not "permanently enhance effectiveness". Option 3 is wrong as soil permeability clearly has an impact. Option 4 is incorrect as soil permeability does not make pesticides "unnecessary and useless", it just affects their movement.

Answer:

Highly permeable soil increases risk of contamination into groundwater.