Question

chinese economic and political policy
background information: this is an excerpt from a 1433 speech by emperor zhu di.
due to so many unexplained difficulties and bad omens, the majesty is humbled and concerned. . . . to alleviate the situation, all policies that cause the public inconvenience, if not urgent, should be stopped. . . . policies temporarily stopped include the voyages to foreign countries, horse trading with the remote western and northern areas.
what ming political and economic policy does this excerpt provide an example of?
commercialism
confucianism
kowtowing
isolationism

Explanation:

1. Analyze each option:

• Commercialism emphasizes commercial activities and profit - seeking, but the excerpt is about stopping foreign voyages and remote trading, not promoting commerce.
• Confucianism is a philosophical and ethical system focusing on moral values, social order, etc., and the excerpt is about economic and political policies related to foreign and remote interactions, not Confucian principles.
• Kowtowing is a form of showing respect (usually in a subservient way), which has nothing to do with the policy of stopping foreign and remote trade/voyages.
• Isolationism is a policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups, especially the political affairs of other countries. Stopping voyages to foreign countries and horse trading with remote areas shows a move towards isolating from external economic and possibly political interactions.

Answer:

D. isolationism