chapter 3 assessment
vocabulary
select the correct term to complete the sentences.
balanced compression equilibrium
free - body diagram friction net force
newton normal force pound
sliding friction static friction tension
weight force
section 5.1
1. a ____ is an action that can change an object’s speed, direction, or both.
2. the english unit of force equal to 4.448 newtons is the ____.
3. the metric unit of force needed to accelerate a 1 - kg mass at 1 m/s² is the ____.
4. a force that comes from the action of earth’s gravity is called ____.
5. squeezing creates ____ in a spring.
6. a pulling force carried by a rope is called ____.
section 5.2
7. ____ is a force that always resists the relative motion of objects or surfaces.
8. a frictional force that occurs when one surface slides over another is called ____.
9. ____ is a frictional force between two non - moving surfaces.
section 5.3
10. we sometimes say forces are ____ when they add up to make zero net force.
11. when all forces on an object are balanced, the object is in ____.
12. the perpendicular force exerted by a surface on an object pressing against it is called the ____.
13. a diagram representing all forces acting on an object is called a ____.
14. the sum of all forces acting on an object is called the ____.
concepts
section 5.1
1. describe one situation in which forces are created.
2. name the four fundamental forces of nature, the forces from which all others are derived.
3. why is weight considered a force?
4. forces cause changes to the motion of objects. name a force and describe two changes it makes.
5. what two pieces of information do you need to describe a force?
6. draw the following force vectors on a piece of paper and show the scale you use.
a. 20 n west
b. 4 n northeast
7. name one contact force and one force that acts through a force field.
8. what happens to a spring’s force if you stretch it more?
9. compare and contrast tension, compression, and extension.

Question

chapter 3 assessment
vocabulary
select the correct term to complete the sentences.
balanced compression equilibrium
free - body diagram friction net force
newton normal force pound
sliding friction static friction tension
weight force
section 5.1
1. a ____ is an action that can change an object’s speed, direction, or both.
2. the english unit of force equal to 4.448 newtons is the ____.
3. the metric unit of force needed to accelerate a 1 - kg mass at 1 m/s² is the ____.
4. a force that comes from the action of earth’s gravity is called ____.
5. squeezing creates ____ in a spring.
6. a pulling force carried by a rope is called ____.
section 5.2
7. ____ is a force that always resists the relative motion of objects or surfaces.
8. a frictional force that occurs when one surface slides over another is called ____.
9. ____ is a frictional force between two non - moving surfaces.
section 5.3
10. we sometimes say forces are ____ when they add up to make zero net force.
11. when all forces on an object are balanced, the object is in ____.
12. the perpendicular force exerted by a surface on an object pressing against it is called the ____.
13. a diagram representing all forces acting on an object is called a ____.
14. the sum of all forces acting on an object is called the ____.
concepts
section 5.1
1. describe one situation in which forces are created.
2. name the four fundamental forces of nature, the forces from which all others are derived.
3. why is weight considered a force?
4. forces cause changes to the motion of objects. name a force and describe two changes it makes.
5. what two pieces of information do you need to describe a force?
6. draw the following force vectors on a piece of paper and show the scale you use.
   a. 20 n west
   b. 4 n northeast
7. name one contact force and one force that acts through a force field.
8. what happens to a spring’s force if you stretch it more?
9. compare and contrast tension, compression, and extension.

Accepted Answer

### Vocabulary Section (Select the correct term)

#### Section 5.1
1. **Explanation**: A force is defined as an action that can change an object’s speed, direction, or both.
   **Answer**: force
2. **Explanation**: The English unit of force equal to 4.448 newtons is the pound.
   **Answer**: pound
3. **Explanation**: The metric unit of force needed to accelerate a 1-kg mass at $1\ \text{m/s}^2$ is the newton (from $F = ma$, so $1\ \text{N} = 1\ \text{kg} \cdot \text{m/s}^2$).
   **Answer**: newton
4. **Explanation**: A force from Earth’s gravity acting on an object is called weight (weight $W = mg$, where $g$ is gravitational acceleration).
   **Answer**: weight
5. **Explanation**: Squeezing a spring creates compression (compression is a force that pushes or squeezes an object).
   **Answer**: compression
6. **Explanation**: A pulling force carried by a rope is called tension (tension is the force transmitted through a rope or string).
   **Answer**: tension

#### Section 5.2
7. **Explanation**: Friction is a force that resists the relative motion of objects or surfaces.
   **Answer**: friction
8. **Explanation**: Sliding friction occurs when one surface slides over another.
   **Answer**: sliding friction
9. **Explanation**: Static friction is the frictional force between two non - moving surfaces (it prevents initial motion).
   **Answer**: static friction

#### Section 5.3
10. **Explanation**: Forces are balanced when their vector sum is zero (net force is zero).
    **Answer**: balanced

#### Remaining Vocabulary Questions (11 - 14)
11. **Explanation**: When all forces on an object are balanced, the object is in equilibrium (equilibrium means no net force, so motion state is constant).
    **Answer**: equilibrium
12. **Explanation**: The perpendicular force from a surface on an object is the normal force (normal means perpendicular to the surface).
    **Answer**: normal force
13. **Explanation**: A diagram showing all forces on an object is a free - body diagram.
    **Answer**: free - body diagram
14. **Explanation**: The sum of all forces on an object is the net force (net force determines the object’s acceleration).
    **Answer**: net force

### Concepts Section (Brief Explanations and Answers)

#### Section 5.1
1. **Brief Explanations**: Forces are created in many situations. For example, when you push a book across a table, you exert a contact force on the book. Another example is the gravitational force between the Earth and the Moon, which is a non - contact force.
   **Answer**: Example: Pushing a book (contact force) or gravitational force between Earth and Moon (non - contact force).
2. **Brief Explanations**: The four fundamental forces of nature are gravitational force (acts between masses), electromagnetic force (acts between charged particles), strong nuclear force (holds atomic nuclei together), and weak nuclear force (involved in radioactive decay).
   **Answer**: Gravitational, Electromagnetic, Strong Nuclear, Weak Nuclear.
3. **Brief Explanations**: Weight is considered a force because it is the gravitational force exerted on an object by a planet (or other massive body). It has magnitude ($W = mg$) and direction (towards the center of the planet), and it can cause changes in motion (e.g., making an object fall).
   **Answer**: Weight is a force as it is the gravitational force on an object, with magnitude $W = mg$ and direction, and can cause motion changes.
4. **Brief Explanations**: Take friction as an example. Friction can slow down a moving object (change in speed) and can also prevent an object from moving (change in direction of tendency to move, or prevent start of motion). Another example: Applied force on a car can increase its speed (change in speed) and change its direction when turning (change in direction).
   **Answer**: Example: Friction. Changes: Slows a moving object (speed change) and prevents motion (direction of tendency to move change).
5. **Brief Explanations**: To describe a force, you need its magnitude (e.g., 10 N) and its direction (e.g., to the right). This is because force is a vector quantity, and vectors are defined by both magnitude and direction.
   **Answer**: Magnitude and direction.
6. **Brief Explanations**: For part a (20 N west): Draw an arrow pointing to the west. Choose a scale, e.g., 1 cm = 5 N, so the arrow length would be 4 cm. For part b (4 N northeast): Draw an arrow pointing to the northeast (45 degrees between north and east). Using the same scale (1 cm = 5 N), the arrow length would be $4\div5 = 0.8$ cm.
   **Answer**: a. Arrow west, scale e.g., 1 cm = 5 N, length 4 cm. b. Arrow northeast, scale 1 cm = 5 N, length 0.8 cm.
7. **Brief Explanations**: A contact force is friction (e.g., between a book and a table, they are in contact). A force acting through a force field is gravitational force (acts between the Earth and an object through the gravitational field).
   **Answer**: Contact force: Friction; Force through field: Gravitational force.
8. **Brief Explanations**: According to Hooke's Law ($F = kx$, where $F$ is the spring force, $k$ is the spring constant, and $x$ is the displacement from equilibrium), when you stretch a spring more (increase $x$), the spring's force $F$ increases (assuming $k$ is constant).
   **Answer**: The spring’s force increases (by Hooke’s Law $F = kx$, more stretch means larger $x$, so larger $F$).
9. **Brief Explanations**: Tension is a pulling force (e.g., in a rope), compression is a pushing/squeezing force (e.g., in a compressed spring), and extension is the increase in length of an object (e.g., a stretched spring). Similarity: All are related to forces acting on objects and can cause deformation. Difference: Tension pulls, compression pushes, and extension is the result of a pulling force (tension) on an elastic object.
   **Answer**: Similarity: Related to forces and deformation. Difference: Tension (pull), Compression (push), Extension (result of tension - caused stretch).

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Vocabulary Section (Select the correct term)

Section 5.1

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