Question

1. being loved arouses sadness and painful feelings from the past. being treated with love and tenderness arouses a kind of sadness that many people struggle to block out. emotionally, close moments with a partner can activate memories of painful childhood experiences, fears of abandonment and feelings of loneliness from the past. people are afraid of being hurt in the same ways they were hurt as children.
2. being loved provokes a painful identity crisis. when people have been hurt, they feel that if they accepted love into their life, the whole world as they have experienced it would be shattered, and they would not know who they were. being valued or seen in a positive light is confusing, because it conflicts with the negative self - concept that many people form within their family. in the developmental process, children please their parents at their own expense as part of a psychological survival mechanism. this idealization process is linked to maintaining an image of oneself as bad or deficient. however painful it may be, people are somehow willing to accept failure or rejection, because these are harmonious with the incorporated negative view of themselves, whereas the intrusion of being loved and having positive responses directed toward them is

the harmony listed associate forms with their parents can cause them to...
a) become defensive when others criticize their parents
b) experience confusion about their own identity
c) treat themselves the same way their parents did
d) physically harm or abuse others

Explanation:

The question relates to how a person's identity crisis from being loved connects to family - related identity formation. To solve this, we analyze each option:

• Option a: The text focuses on identity crisis due to being loved, not defensiveness from parental criticism. Eliminate a.
• Option b: When people are loved, it conflicts with their negative self - concept formed in the family. This causes confusion about their identity as the “whole world as they have experienced it would be shattered”. This matches the idea of experiencing confusion about one's own identity.
• Option c: The text doesn't discuss treating oneself like parents did. Eliminate c.
• Option d: There's no mention of physical harm to others. Eliminate d.

Answer:

b) experience confusion about their own identity