Question

1. affirmative action refers to

a. the u.s. senate approving a presidential appointment to the cabinet under its
\advice and consent\ functions.
b. the president \faithfully executing\ the appropriations of money under laws
created by congress.
c. the supreme court upholding a lower court decision.
d. interest group lobbying efforts in pursuit of the common goals of group
members.
e. a policy giving special consideration to groups that have been disadvantaged
historically.

1. the biggest difference between civil rights and civil liberties is that

a. civil liberties protect the majority while civil rights protect minorities.
b. civil liberties have to do with individual protections while civil rights are
protections on the basis of group attributes.
c. civil liberties have to do with the freedoms of expression and religion while
civil rights have to do with rights of people accused of crimes.
d. civil liberties allow interest groups to organize into interest groups and make
demands on government while civil rights allow for groups seeking redress of
grievances through mass protests.
e. civil liberties protect individual political beliefs while civil rights protect
individual political actions.

1. which of the following generalizations accurately describe(s) the advancement of civil

rights in the twentieth century.
i. the fourteenth amendment served as the foundation on which the supreme
court based many of its decisions regarding civil rights.
ii. the national government has opted to pursue civil rights at the expense of
limited government.
iii. the supreme court typically finds laws that rely on an inherently suspect
classification of race to be unconstitutional.
iv. the supreme court has outlawed all laws that classify citizens by race,
gender, sexual orientation, ethnicity, and disability.
a. ii only
b. iv only
c. i and ii only
d. iii and iv only
e. i, ii, and iii only

1. naturalization requires new citizens to do all the following except

a. be able to read, write, and speak english.
b. agree never to renounce their new citizenship.
c. understand and have an attachment to the history and principles of the
government of the united states.
d. demonstrate they do not believe in, advocate, or belong to an organization that
advocates violent overthrow of the government.

Explanation:

Question 6

Affirmative action is defined as a policy that gives special consideration to historically disadvantaged groups to address past discrimination. Option a is about Senate confirmation, b about presidential execution of laws, c about court decisions, d about interest group lobbying. Only e matches the definition.

Civil liberties are individual protections (e.g., freedom of speech), civil rights are protections based on group attributes (e.g., race, gender). Option a is incorrect (both protect all, but civil rights focus on minority groups' equality). c misdefines both. d, e are incorrect. b correctly distinguishes them.

• I: The Fourteenth Amendment is a foundation for civil rights decisions (correct).
• II: Pursuing civil rights can involve expanding government power, limiting "limited government" (correct).
• III: Race is a suspect classification, so such laws are often unconstitutional (correct).
• IV: The Supreme Court hasn't outlawed all classification by these groups (e.g., reasonable classifications for disability accommodations exist, so IV is incorrect). So I, II, III are correct.

Answer:

e. a policy giving special consideration to groups that have been disadvantaged historically.

Question 7