Question

1. how does the brains capacity for parallel processing relate to encoding new memories?

a) hypnotism can enhance memory through parallel processing, accessing both
conscious and unconscious levels of our minds.
b) parallel processing allows our brain to encode memories directly into long-term
memory, bypassing working memory.
c) parallel processing allows many sensory experiences to be encoded all at once,
some automatically, some with effort.
d) parallel processing allows us to encode every event accurately as it happens, even if
we cannot always retrieve it later.
e) sensory impulses travel through separate channels, with visual information going
into visual working memory, and auditory into auditory working memory.

1. our tendency to judge the likelihood of an event on the basis of how readily we can

remember instances of its occurrence is called the
a) availability heuristic.
b) framing effect.
c) representativeness heuristic.
d) belief perseverance phenomenon.
e) confirmation bias.

1. the tendency for distributed study to yield better long-term retention than massed stud

is known as
a) chunking.
b) the serial position effect.
c) long-term potentiation.
d) state-dependent memory.
e) the spacing effect.

Explanation:

Question 40

To solve this, we analyze each option:

• Option A: Hypnotism isn't directly related to parallel processing and memory encoding in the described way.
• Option B: Parallel processing doesn't bypass working memory for long - term encoding.
• Option C: Parallel processing in the brain allows multiple sensory experiences to be encoded simultaneously, with some automatic (like sensory memory) and some with effort (like encoding for long - term), which matches the relationship between parallel processing and memory encoding.
• Option D: Parallel processing doesn't ensure accurate encoding of every event.
• Option E: This describes separate sensory channels but not the relation to parallel processing and memory encoding.

We define each concept:

• Option A: Availability heuristic is the tendency to judge the likelihood of an event based on how easily we can recall instances of it, which matches the question.
• Option B: Framing effect is about how the presentation of information affects decisions, not about judging likelihood based on recall.
• Option C: Representativeness heuristic is about judging based on how well an event matches a prototype, not recall.
• Option D: Belief perseverance is about holding onto beliefs despite contrary evidence, not related to likelihood judgment.
• Option E: Confirmation bias is about seeking information that confirms existing beliefs, not about likelihood judgment.

We analyze each term:

• Option A: Chunking is about grouping information for easier memory, not about distributed study.
• Option B: Serial position effect is about recall based on position in a list, not distributed study.
• Option C: Long - term potentiation is about neural changes for memory, not related to study distribution.
• Option D: State - dependent memory is about memory retrieval based on state, not study distribution.
• Option E: Spacing effect is the tendency for distributed (spaced) study to lead to better long - term retention than massed study, which matches the question.

Answer:

C) Parallel processing allows many sensory experiences to be encoded all at once, some automatically, some with effort.

Question 41