Question

1. what does civil society refer to?

a. international governing bodies
b. organizations outside the government
c. non - profit organizations only
d. political parties and campaigns

Explanation:

To determine the correct answer, we analyze each option:

• Option a: International governing bodies are part of the formal governance structure, not civil society. Civil society is separate from formal government or international governance entities.
• Option b: Civil society is defined as the sphere of organizations, groups, and individuals that operate outside the government, market, and family. This includes non - governmental organizations, community groups, etc. So this option aligns with the definition of civil society.
• Option c: Civil society is not limited to non - profit organizations only. It includes a wide range of groups like community associations, advocacy groups (some of which may have different funding models but still be part of civil society), etc.
• Option d: Political parties and campaigns are part of the political sphere, often closely associated with the government or the process of attaining political power. Civil society is distinct from the formal political party system.

Answer:

b. Organizations outside the government