Question

1. the 14th amendment provides that no \state shall deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.\ a direct result of this amendment was that a. the process of amending the constitution became slower and more complex. b. the guarantees in the bill of rights were applied to state actions. c. every citizen gained an absolute right to freedom of speech and assembly. d. the power of the federal government was sharply reduced. 5. in their plans for reconstruction, both president abraham lincoln and president andrew johnson sought to a. punish the south for starting the civil war. b. force the southern states to pay reparations to the federal government. c. allow the southern states to reenter the nation as quickly as possible. d. establish the republican party as the only political party in the south.

Explanation:

Question 4

The 14th Amendment's due - process and equal - protection clauses led to the incorporation of the Bill of Rights against the states. Before the 14th Amendment, the Bill of Rights was generally thought to only apply to the federal government. The 14th Amendment's language provided a basis for applying these guarantees (like freedom of speech, etc., which are in the Bill of Rights) to state actions.

• Option a: The 14th Amendment is about individual rights and state - federal relations, not about the amendment process of the Constitution.
• Option c: There is no such thing as an "absolute" right to freedom of speech and assembly. There are limitations (e.g., clear and present danger doctrine).
• Option d: The 14th Amendment actually expanded the power of the federal government to enforce rights at the state level.

Question 5

Both Lincoln and Johnson had relatively lenient Reconstruction plans. Lincoln's 10 - percent plan aimed to readmit Southern states quickly once 10 percent of their 1860 voters took an oath of loyalty. Johnson also wanted a quick readmission of the Southern states.

• Option a: Lincoln's plan was more about reunification than punishment. Johnson, while he had some differences with Congress, also was not focused on harsh punishment.
• Option b: There was no major push in their plans for Southern states to pay reparations.
• Option d: Neither Lincoln nor Johnson aimed to make the Republican Party the only party in the South.

Answer:

1. B. the guarantees in the Bill of Rights were applied to state actions.
2. C. allow the Southern States to reenter the nation as quickly as possible.