Question

1. identify the structural and functional differences between the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. 14. how are the functions of vacuoles and lysosomes different? 15. what is the process by which chloroplasts capture the suns energy and convert it into food that contains chemical energy? 16. what is the function of the golgi apparatus?

Explanation:

1. Structurally, rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) has ribosomes attached to its surface, while smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) lacks ribosomes. Functionally, RER is involved in protein synthesis and modification, and SER is involved in lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium ion storage.
2. Vacuoles mainly store water, nutrients, and waste products, and can also provide turgor pressure in plant cells. Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes and break down waste materials, cellular debris, and pathogens.
3. The process is photosynthesis. Chloroplasts use chlorophyll to capture light - energy, which is then used to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose (food) and oxygen, storing chemical energy in the glucose.
4. The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids received from the endoplasmic reticulum for secretion out of the cell or for use within the cell.

Answer:

1. Structural: RER has ribosomes, SER doesn't. Functional: RER for protein synthesis/modification, SER for lipid synthesis/detoxification/calcium storage.
2. Vacuoles for storage and turgor (in plants), lysosomes for digestion of waste and pathogens.
3. Photosynthesis.
4. Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids.