Question

1. how are enzymes affected by ph? (be specific.)

Explanation:

Enzymes have an optimal pH at which they function best. Deviations from this optimal pH can cause changes in the enzyme's structure (denaturation) due to alterations in the ionization states of amino - acid side chains. This affects the enzyme - substrate interaction and catalytic activity. For example, pepsin in the stomach works best in an acidic environment (around pH 2), while trypsin in the small intestine functions optimally in a more basic environment (around pH 8).

Answer:

Enzymes have an optimal pH for maximum activity. Deviations from this pH can cause denaturation, altering the enzyme's structure and reducing its catalytic efficiency as the ionization states of amino - acid residues in the enzyme change, affecting substrate binding and the catalytic process. Different enzymes have different optimal pH values depending on their location and function in the body or in other biological systems.