Question

a difference between the great thinkers of history and today’s psychologists is that modern psychologists:
wonder whether emotion controls us or is something we can control
drill holes in patients heads to change personality
believe your heart controls behavior
rely heavily on empirical evidence
sarah took a chemistry test with mrs. jensen. she did great. she got a 94%. sarah however is driven to do better and she asked to retake the test. mrs. jensen gave her an alternate form of the test and allowed her to do this during mtss. sarah again scored a 94%. this is an example of

reliability
validity
none of the above

Explanation:

First Question (About Modern Psychologists)

• Option 1: Wondering about emotion control is not unique to modern psychologists (historical thinkers also pondered this).
• Option 2: Drilling holes (trephination) is a historical/archaic practice, not modern psychology.
• Option 3: Believing the heart controls behavior is a pre - scientific/historical idea, not modern psychological thought.
• Option 4: Modern psychology is a science that relies on empirical evidence (systematic observation, experimentation) to support theories, unlike many historical thinkers who relied on speculation.

• Reliability: Refers to the consistency of a measure. Here, Sarah took an alternate form of the Chemistry test and scored the same (94% both times), showing the test is consistent (reliable) in measuring her knowledge.
• Validity: Refers to whether a test measures what it is supposed to measure. This example is about consistency, not what the test measures.
• "None of the above" is incorrect as the example fits reliability.

Answer:

D. Rely heavily on empirical evidence

Second Question (Sarah's Test Scores)