Question

biological macromolecule | column 1 (function) | column 2 (monomer) | column 3 (polymer) | column 4 (elements contained) | column 5 (example(s))
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
carbohydrates (with bread, baguette image) | | | | |
lipids (with ice cream, cookie image) | | | | |
proteins (with chicken, fish image) | | | | |
nucleic acids (with some structure image) | | | | |

Explanation:

To fill the table for each biological macromolecule, we analyze their properties:

1. Carbohydrates

• Function: Provide energy (short - term), structural support (e.g., in plants).
• Monomer: Monosaccharides (e.g., glucose, fructose).
• Polymer: Polysaccharides (e.g., starch, glycogen, cellulose).
• Elements Contained: Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O) (in a 1:2:1 ratio, approximately).
• Examples: Bread, pasta (contain starch), fruits (contain fructose), cellulose in plant cell walls.

2. Lipids

• Function: Long - term energy storage, insulation, component of cell membranes, hormone production.
• Monomer: Fatty acids and glycerol (for triglycerides, the most common lipid type).
• Polymer: Lipids are not true polymers (they don't form long - chain polymers like others, but triglycerides can be considered a type of polymer - like structure with repeating units of fatty acids and glycerol).
• Elements Contained: Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O) (with a higher H:O ratio than carbohydrates).
• Examples: Oils (e.g., olive oil), fats (e.g., butter), phospholipids (in cell membranes), cholesterol.

3. Proteins

• Function: Structural support (e.g., collagen), enzymatic activity (e.g., amylase), transport (e.g., hemoglobin), immune response (e.g., antibodies), cell signaling (e.g., insulin).
• Monomer: Amino acids (20 different types in humans).
• Polymer: Polypeptides (chains of amino acids) which fold into functional proteins.
• Elements Contained: Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N) (and sometimes Sulfur (S)).
• Examples: Meat, fish, eggs (contain dietary protein), enzymes like lactase, structural proteins like keratin in hair.

4. Nucleic Acids

• Function: Store and transmit genetic information (DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid; RNA: ribonucleic acid is involved in protein synthesis).
• Monomer: Nucleotides (each nucleotide has a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base).
• Polymer: Polynucleotides (DNA is a double - stranded polynucleotide, RNA is usually single - stranded).
• Elements Contained: Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P).
• Examples: DNA (in cell nuclei), RNA (in cytoplasm and nucleus).

We can now fill the table with this information:

Biological Macromolecule	Function	Monomer	Polymer	Elements Contained	Example(s)
Lipids	Energy storage, insulation, cell membrane component	Fatty acids + glycerol	Triglycerides (not true polymer, but polymer - like)	C, H, O	Olive oil, butter, phospholipids
Proteins	Structural, enzymatic, transport, immune, signaling	Amino acids	Polypeptides (proteins)	C, H, O, N (S)	Meat, enzymes (e.g., amylase)
Nucleic Acids	Store/transmit genetic info	Nucleotides	Polynucleotides (DNA, RNA)	C, H, O, N, P	DNA, RNA

Answer:

To fill the table for each biological macromolecule, we analyze their properties:

1. Carbohydrates

• Function: Provide energy (short - term), structural support (e.g., in plants).
• Monomer: Monosaccharides (e.g., glucose, fructose).
• Polymer: Polysaccharides (e.g., starch, glycogen, cellulose).
• Elements Contained: Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O) (in a 1:2:1 ratio, approximately).
• Examples: Bread, pasta (contain starch), fruits (contain fructose), cellulose in plant cell walls.

2. Lipids

• Function: Long - term energy storage, insulation, component of cell membranes, hormone production.
• Monomer: Fatty acids and glycerol (for triglycerides, the most common lipid type).
• Polymer: Lipids are not true polymers (they don't form long - chain polymers like others, but triglycerides can be considered a type of polymer - like structure with repeating units of fatty acids and glycerol).
• Elements Contained: Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O) (with a higher H:O ratio than carbohydrates).
• Examples: Oils (e.g., olive oil), fats (e.g., butter), phospholipids (in cell membranes), cholesterol.

3. Proteins

• Function: Structural support (e.g., collagen), enzymatic activity (e.g., amylase), transport (e.g., hemoglobin), immune response (e.g., antibodies), cell signaling (e.g., insulin).
• Monomer: Amino acids (20 different types in humans).
• Polymer: Polypeptides (chains of amino acids) which fold into functional proteins.
• Elements Contained: Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N) (and sometimes Sulfur (S)).
• Examples: Meat, fish, eggs (contain dietary protein), enzymes like lactase, structural proteins like keratin in hair.

4. Nucleic Acids

• Function: Store and transmit genetic information (DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid; RNA: ribonucleic acid is involved in protein synthesis).
• Monomer: Nucleotides (each nucleotide has a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base).
• Polymer: Polynucleotides (DNA is a double - stranded polynucleotide, RNA is usually single - stranded).
• Elements Contained: Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P).
• Examples: DNA (in cell nuclei), RNA (in cytoplasm and nucleus).

We can now fill the table with this information:

Biological Macromolecule	Function	Monomer	Polymer	Elements Contained	Example(s)
Lipids	Energy storage, insulation, cell membrane component	Fatty acids + glycerol	Triglycerides (not true polymer, but polymer - like)	C, H, O	Olive oil, butter, phospholipids
Proteins	Structural, enzymatic, transport, immune, signaling	Amino acids	Polypeptides (proteins)	C, H, O, N (S)	Meat, enzymes (e.g., amylase)
Nucleic Acids	Store/transmit genetic info	Nucleotides	Polynucleotides (DNA, RNA)	C, H, O, N, P	DNA, RNA