10. label the five body cavities: abdominal, pelvic, cranial, thoracic, spinal/vertebral (diagram with hand - drawn labels: cranial, thoracic, abdominal, pelvic, spinal)
11. list a body part superior the mouth:
12. list a body part lateral of heart (center of chest):
13. list a body part distal of the elbow:
short answers: read the following questions. answer each question thoroughly with specific details.
1. explain the differences between sex cells and somatic cells? (3 points)
2. briefly explain the differences between diffusion, osmosis, and active transport (3 points)

Question

Accepted Answer

### Question 1: Explain the differences between sex cells and somatic cells? (3 points)
# Brief Explanations:
- **Chromosome Number**: Sex cells (gametes: sperm/egg) have a haploid number of chromosomes (n), meaning they contain half the number of chromosomes of somatic cells. Somatic cells (body cells like skin, liver cells) are diploid (2n), with a full set of chromosomes from both parents.
- **Function**: Sex cells are involved in sexual reproduction, fusing during fertilization to form a zygote. Somatic cells perform various body functions like growth, repair, and maintenance of tissues.
- **Cell Division**: Sex cells are produced by meiosis, which reduces chromosome number and introduces genetic variation. Somatic cells divide by mitosis, producing identical daughter cells for growth and repair.
# Answer:
- **Chromosome Number**: Sex cells (gametes) are haploid ($n$), somatic cells are diploid ($2n$).
- **Function**: Sex cells enable sexual reproduction (fertilization); somatic cells support body functions (growth, repair).
- **Cell Division**: Sex cells form via meiosis (genetic variation, reduced chromosomes); somatic cells divide via mitosis (identical daughter cells).

### Question 2: Briefly explain the differences between diffusion, osmosis, and active transport (3 points)
# Brief Explanations:
- **Diffusion**: Passive transport (no energy) of any solute (gas, liquid, solid) from high to low concentration across a membrane or in a solution (e.g., oxygen diffusing in cells).
- **Osmosis**: Passive transport (no energy) of water molecules across a semi - permeable membrane from low solute (high water) to high solute (low water) concentration (e.g., water moving into a plant cell).
- **Active Transport**: Requires energy (ATP) to move substances (solutes) against their concentration gradient (low to high concentration) across a membrane (e.g., sodium - potassium pump in nerve cells).
# Answer:
- **Diffusion**: Passive (no ATP), moves any solute (gas/liquid/solid) down concentration gradient (high→low).
- **Osmosis**: Passive (no ATP), moves only water across a semi - permeable membrane down water concentration gradient (low solute→high solute).
- **Active Transport**: Active (needs ATP), moves solutes against concentration gradient (low→high).

### Question 10: Label the five body cavities: abdominal, pelvic, cranial, thoracic, spinal/vertebral
# Brief Explanations:
- **Cranial Cavity**: Holds the brain, located in the skull (the top - most cavity in the diagram, labeled "Cranial" in the hand - written note).
- **Thoracic Cavity**: Contains the heart and lungs, in the chest region (the cavity above the abdominal cavity, labeled "Thoracic" in the hand - written note).
- **Abdominal Cavity**: Holds organs like the stomach, liver, intestines, in the mid - abdomen (the cavity between thoracic and pelvic, labeled "abdominal" in the hand - written note).
- **Pelvic Cavity**: Contains reproductive and urinary organs, in the lower abdomen (the lowest cavity, labeled "Pelvic" in the hand - written note).
- **Spinal/Vertebral Cavity**: Holds the spinal cord, within the vertebral column (the cavity along the back, labeled "spinal" in the hand - written note).
# Answer:
- The top - most cavity (around the brain): Cranial
- The chest - region cavity (around heart/lungs): Thoracic
- The mid - abdominal cavity (around stomach/liver): Abdominal
- The lower - abdominal cavity (around reproductive organs): Pelvic
- The cavity along the back (around spinal cord): Spinal/Vertebral

### Question 11: List a body part SUPERIOR the mouth:
# Brief Explanations:
"Superior" means above. The nose is located above the mouth. Other examples could be the eyes or the forehead, but the nose is a common and clear example.
# Answer:
Nose (other valid answers: Eyes, Forehead, etc.)

### Question 12: List a body part LATERAL of heart (center of chest):
# Brief Explanations:
"Lateral" means to the side. The left arm (or right arm, but more accurately, the left/right lung or the left/right breast) are lateral to the heart. The left lung is a good example as it is to the left (lateral) of the heart which is in the center of the chest.
# Answer:
Left Lung (other valid answers: Right Lung, Left Arm, Right Arm, etc.)

### Question 13: List a body part DISTAL of the elbow:
# Brief Explanations:
"Distal" means farther from the point of attachment (the elbow is attached to the arm; a part distal to the elbow would be farther from the shoulder than the elbow). The hand (or the wrist, or the fingers) is distal to the elbow as it is farther from the shoulder (the point of attachment of the arm to the body) than the elbow.
# Answer:
Hand (other valid answers: Wrist, Fingers, etc.)

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Question 1: Explain the differences between sex cells and somatic cells? (3 points)

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Question 2: Briefly explain the differences between diffusion, osmosis, and active transport (3 points)